Poly Cycle [Loxx]

1 באוג׳ 2022

This is an example of what can be done by combining Legendre polynomials and analytic signals. I get a way of determining a smooth period and relative adaptive strength indicator without adding time lag.

This indicator displays the following:

• The Least Squares fit of a polynomial to a DC subtracted time series - a best fit to a cycle.
  
• The normalized analytic signal of the cycle (signal and quadrature).
  
• The Phase shift of the analytic signal per bar.
  
• The Period and HalfPeriod lengths, in bars of the current cycle.
  
• A relative strength indicator of the time series over the cycle length. That is, adaptive relative strength over the cycle length.
  

The Relative Strength Indicator, is adaptive to the time series, and it can be smoothed by increasing the length of decreasing the number of degrees of freedom.

Other adaptive indicators based upon the period and can be similarly constructed.

There is some new math here, so I have broken the story up into 5 Parts:

Part 1:

Any time series can be decomposed into a orthogonal set of polynomials [1,2,3].

This is just math and here are some good references:

[1] Legendre polynomials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[2] Peter Seffen, "On Digital Smoothing Filters: A Brief Review of Closed Form Solutions and Two New Filter Approaches", Circuits Systems Signal Process, Vol. 5, No 2, 1986

I gave some thought to what should be done with this and came to the conclusion that they can be used for basic smoothing of time series. For the analysis below, I decompose a time series into a low number of degrees of freedom and discard the zero mode to introduce smoothing.

That is:

time series => c_1 t + c_2 t^2 ... c_Max t^Max

This is the cycle. By construction, the cycle does not have a zero mode and more physically, I am defining the "Trend" to be the zero mode.

The data for the cycle and the fit of the cycle can be viewed by setting

ShowDataAndFit = TRUE;

There, you will see the fit of the last bar as well as the time series of the leading edge of the fits. If you don't know what I mean by the "leading edge", please see some of the postings in [2]. The leading edges are in grayscale, and the fit of the last bar is in color.

I have chosen Length = 17 and Degree = 4 as the default. I am simply making sure by eye that the fit is reasonably good and degree 4 is the lowest polynomial that can represent a sine-like wave, and 17 is the smallest length that lets me calculate the Phase Shift (Part 3 below) using the Hilbert Transform of width=7 (Part 2 below).

Depending upon the fit you make, you will capture different cycles in the data. A fit that is too "smooth" will not see the smaller cycles, and a fit that is too "choppy" will not see the longer ones. The idea is to use the fit to try to suppress the smaller noise cycles while keeping larger signal cycles.

Part 2:

Every time series has an Analytic Signal, defined by applying the Hilbert Transform to it. You can think of the original time series as amplitude * cosine(theta) and the transformed series, called the quadrature, can be thought of as amplitude * sine(theta). By taking the ratio, you can get the angle theta, and this is exactly what was done by John Ehlers in [4]. It lets you get a frequency out of the time series under consideration.

[4] Amazon.com: Rocket Science for Traders: Digital Signal Processing Applications (9780471405672): John F. Ehlers: Books

It helps to have more references to understand this. There is a nice article on Wikipedia on it.

Read the part about the discrete Hilbert Transform:

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_transform

If you really want to understand how to go from continuous to discrete, look up this article written by Richard Lyons:

[6] http://www.dspguru.com/files/QuadSignals.pdf

In the indicator below, I am calculating the normalized analytic signal, which can be written as:

s + i h where i is the imagery number, and s^2 + h^2 = 1;

s= signal = cosine(theta)

h = Hilbert transformed signal = quadrature = sine(theta)

The angle is therefore given by theta = arctan(h/s);

The analytic signal leading edge and the fit of the last bar of the cycle can be viewed by setting

ShowAnalyticSignal = TRUE;

The leading edges are in grayscale fit to the last bar is in color. Light (yellow) is the s term, and Dark (orange) is the quadrature (hilbert transform). Note that for every bar, s^2 + h^2 = 1 , by construction.

I am using a width = 7 Hilbert transform, just like Ehlers. (But you can adjust it if you want.) This transform has a 7 bar lag. I have put the lag into the plot statements, so the cycle info should be quite good at displaying minima and maxima (extrema).

Part 3:

The Phase shift is the amount of phase change from bar to bar.

It is a discrete unitary transformation that takes s[1] + i h[1] to s + i h

explicitly, T = (s+ih)*(s[1]-ih[1]) , since s[1]*s[1] + h[1]*h[1] = 1.

writing it out, we find that T = T1 + iT2

where T1 = s*s[1] + h*h[1] and T2 = s*h[1]-h*s[1]

and the phase shift is given by PhaseShift = arctan(T2/T1);

Alas, I have no reference for this, all I doing is finding the rotation what takes the analytic signal at bar [1] to the analytic signal at bar [0]. T is the transfer matrix.

Of interest is the PhaseShift from the closest two bars to the present, given by the bar [7] and bar [8] since I am using a width=7 Hilbert transform, bar [7] is the earliest bar with an analytic signal.

I store the phase shift from bar [7] to bar [8] as a time series called PhaseShift. It basically gives you the (7-bar delayed) leading edge the amount of phase angle change in the series.

You can see it by setting

ShowPhaseShift=TRUE

The green points are positive phase shifts and red points are negative phase shifts.

On most charts, I have looked at, the indicator is mostly green, but occasionally, the stock "retrogrades" and red appears. This happens when the cycle is "broken" and the cycle length starts to expand as a trend occurs.

Part 4:

The Period:

The Period is the number of bars required to generate a sum of PhaseShifts equal to 360 degrees.

The Half-period is the number of bars required to generate a sum of phase shifts equal to 180 degrees. It is usually not equal to 1/2 of the period.

You can see the Period and Half-period by setting

ShowPeriod=TRUE

The code is very simple here:

Value1=0;
Value2=0;
while Value1 < bar_index and math.abs(Value2) < 360 begin
Value2 = Value2 + PhaseShift[Value1];
Value1 = Value1 + 1;
end;

Period = Value1;

The period is sensitive to the input length and degree values but not overly so. Any insight on this would be appreciated.

Part 5:

The Relative Strength indicator:

The Relative Strength is just the current value of the series minus the minimum over the last cycle divided by the maximum - minimum over the last cycle, normalized between +1 and -1.

RelativeStrength = -1 + 2*(Series-Min)/(Max-Min);

It therefore tells you where the current bar is relative to the cycle. If you want to smooth the indicator, then extend the period and/or reduce the polynomial degree.

In code:

NewLength = floor(Period + HilbertWidth+1);

Max = highest(Series,NewLength);

Min = lowest(Series,NewLength);

if Max>Min then

Note that the variable NewLength includes the lag that comes from the Hilbert transform, (HilbertWidth=7 by default).

Conclusion:

This is an example of what can be done by combining Legendre polynomials and analytic signals to determine a smooth period without adding time lag.
________________________________

Changes in this one : instead of using true/false options for every single way to display, use Type parameter as following :
1. The Least Squares fit of a polynomial to a DC subtracted time series - a best fit to a cycle.
2. The normalized analytic signal of the cycle (signal and quadrature).
3. The Phase shift of the analytic signal per bar.
4. The Period and HalfPeriod lengths, in bars of the current cycle.
5. A relative strength indicator of the time series over the cycle length. That is, adaptive relative strength over the cycle length.

1 באוג׳ 2022

הערות שחרור

Updated coloring.