FunctionBaumWelchLibrary "FunctionBaumWelch"
Baum-Welch Algorithm, also known as Forward-Backward Algorithm, uses the well known EM algorithm
to find the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters of a hidden Markov model given a set of observed
feature vectors.
---
### Function List:
> `forward (array pi, matrix a, matrix b, array obs)`
> `forward (array pi, matrix a, matrix b, array obs, bool scaling)`
> `backward (matrix a, matrix b, array obs)`
> `backward (matrix a, matrix b, array obs, array c)`
> `baumwelch (array observations, int nstates)`
> `baumwelch (array observations, array pi, matrix a, matrix b)`
---
### Reference:
> en.wikipedia.org
> github.com
> en.wikipedia.org
> www.rdocumentation.org
> www.rdocumentation.org
forward(pi, a, b, obs)
Computes forward probabilities for state `X` up to observation at time `k`, is defined as the
probability of observing sequence of observations `e_1 ... e_k` and that the state at time `k` is `X`.
Parameters:
pi (float ) : Initial probabilities.
a (matrix) : Transmissions, hidden transition matrix a or alpha = transition probability matrix of changing
states given a state matrix is size (M x M) where M is number of states.
b (matrix) : Emissions, matrix of observation probabilities b or beta = observation probabilities. Given
state matrix is size (M x O) where M is number of states and O is number of different
possible observations.
obs (int ) : List with actual state observation data.
Returns: - `matrix _alpha`: Forward probabilities. The probabilities are given on a logarithmic scale (natural logarithm). The first
dimension refers to the state and the second dimension to time.
forward(pi, a, b, obs, scaling)
Computes forward probabilities for state `X` up to observation at time `k`, is defined as the
probability of observing sequence of observations `e_1 ... e_k` and that the state at time `k` is `X`.
Parameters:
pi (float ) : Initial probabilities.
a (matrix) : Transmissions, hidden transition matrix a or alpha = transition probability matrix of changing
states given a state matrix is size (M x M) where M is number of states.
b (matrix) : Emissions, matrix of observation probabilities b or beta = observation probabilities. Given
state matrix is size (M x O) where M is number of states and O is number of different
possible observations.
obs (int ) : List with actual state observation data.
scaling (bool) : Normalize `alpha` scale.
Returns: - #### Tuple with:
> - `matrix _alpha`: Forward probabilities. The probabilities are given on a logarithmic scale (natural logarithm). The first
dimension refers to the state and the second dimension to time.
> - `array _c`: Array with normalization scale.
backward(a, b, obs)
Computes backward probabilities for state `X` and observation at time `k`, is defined as the probability of observing the sequence of observations `e_k+1, ... , e_n` under the condition that the state at time `k` is `X`.
Parameters:
a (matrix) : Transmissions, hidden transition matrix a or alpha = transition probability matrix of changing states
given a state matrix is size (M x M) where M is number of states
b (matrix) : Emissions, matrix of observation probabilities b or beta = observation probabilities. given state
matrix is size (M x O) where M is number of states and O is number of different possible observations
obs (int ) : Array with actual state observation data.
Returns: - `matrix _beta`: Backward probabilities. The probabilities are given on a logarithmic scale (natural logarithm). The first dimension refers to the state and the second dimension to time.
backward(a, b, obs, c)
Computes backward probabilities for state `X` and observation at time `k`, is defined as the probability of observing the sequence of observations `e_k+1, ... , e_n` under the condition that the state at time `k` is `X`.
Parameters:
a (matrix) : Transmissions, hidden transition matrix a or alpha = transition probability matrix of changing states
given a state matrix is size (M x M) where M is number of states
b (matrix) : Emissions, matrix of observation probabilities b or beta = observation probabilities. given state
matrix is size (M x O) where M is number of states and O is number of different possible observations
obs (int ) : Array with actual state observation data.
c (float ) : Array with Normalization scaling coefficients.
Returns: - `matrix _beta`: Backward probabilities. The probabilities are given on a logarithmic scale (natural logarithm). The first dimension refers to the state and the second dimension to time.
baumwelch(observations, nstates)
**(Random Initialization)** Baum–Welch algorithm is a special case of the expectation–maximization algorithm used to find the
unknown parameters of a hidden Markov model (HMM). It makes use of the forward-backward algorithm
to compute the statistics for the expectation step.
Parameters:
observations (int ) : List of observed states.
nstates (int)
Returns: - #### Tuple with:
> - `array _pi`: Initial probability distribution.
> - `matrix _a`: Transition probability matrix.
> - `matrix _b`: Emission probability matrix.
---
requires: `import RicardoSantos/WIPTensor/2 as Tensor`
baumwelch(observations, pi, a, b)
Baum–Welch algorithm is a special case of the expectation–maximization algorithm used to find the
unknown parameters of a hidden Markov model (HMM). It makes use of the forward-backward algorithm
to compute the statistics for the expectation step.
Parameters:
observations (int ) : List of observed states.
pi (float ) : Initial probaility distribution.
a (matrix) : Transmissions, hidden transition matrix a or alpha = transition probability matrix of changing states
given a state matrix is size (M x M) where M is number of states
b (matrix) : Emissions, matrix of observation probabilities b or beta = observation probabilities. given state
matrix is size (M x O) where M is number of states and O is number of different possible observations
Returns: - #### Tuple with:
> - `array _pi`: Initial probability distribution.
> - `matrix _a`: Transition probability matrix.
> - `matrix _b`: Emission probability matrix.
---
requires: `import RicardoSantos/WIPTensor/2 as Tensor`
חפש סקריפטים עבור "algo"
MACD & RSI Overlay (Expo)█ Overview
The MACD & RSI Overlay (Expo) trading indicator is a technical analysis tool that combines two popular indicators, the Relative Strength Index (RSI ) and the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD ), and overlays them onto the price chart. The indicator oscillates relative to price, so it plots the RSI and MACD around price while still displaying the same insights as the regular MACD and RSI indicators. This feature gives traders a unique perspective, allowing them to see the relationship between price, momentum, and trend in a single chart.
This indicator is a valuable addition to any trader's technical analysis toolkit, whether they are a beginner or an experienced trader.
█ MACD
█ RSI
The RSI comes with overbought and oversold areas, which can be set by the trader.
█ MACD & RSI
█ Trend Feature
What sets the MACD & RSI Overlay indicator apart is its ability to factor in the underlying trend. This feature makes the indicator more useful than ever before, as traders can use it to filter trades in the direction of the trend. By considering the underlying trend, traders can gain valuable insights into market trends.
█ Benefits
One of the primary benefits of having the MACD and RSI plotted directly on the price chart is that it provides a more intuitive understanding of the relationship between price, momentum, and trend. Traders can quickly identify the direction of the trend by observing the price movement relative to the MACD and RSI lines. In addition, by having these indicators plotted on the chart, traders can quickly identify potential buy and sell signals and develop new trading strategies.
█ How to use
One of the most popular strategies is to use the MACD & RSI Overlay indicator to look for crossings. A crossing occurs when the MACD and RSI lines cross over each other or when they cross over the signal line. These crossings can signal potential trend reversals and momentum shifts. For example, if the MACD line crosses over the signal line from below, it could indicate a bullish signal, while a cross from above could indicate a bearish signal.
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Disclaimer
The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
2B Reversal Pattern (Expo)█ Overview
The 2B reversal pattern , also called the "spring pattern", is a popular chart pattern professional traders use to identify potential trend reversals. It occurs when the price appears to be breaking down or up and then suddenly bounces back up/down, forming a "spring" or "false breakout" pattern. This pattern indicates that the trend is losing momentum and that a reversal is coming.
In a bearish market , the "spring pattern" occurs when the price of an asset breaks below a support level, causing many traders to sell their positions and causing the price to drop even further. However, the selling pressure eases at some point, and the price begins to rebound, "springing" back above the support level. This rebound creates a long opportunity for traders who can enter the market at a lower price.
In a bullish market , the "spring pattern" occurs when the price of an asset breaks above a resistance level, causing many traders to buy into the asset and drive the price up even further. However, the buying pressure eases at some point, and the price begins to decline, "springing" below the resistance level. This decline creates a selling opportunity for traders who can short the market at a higher price.
█ What are the benefits of using the 2B Reversal Pattern?
The benefits of using the 2B Reversal pattern as a trader include identifying potential buying or selling opportunities with reduced risk. By waiting for the price to "spring back" to the initial breakout level, traders can avoid entering the market too soon and minimize the risk of potential losses.
█ How to use
Traders can use the 2B reversal pattern to identify reversals. If the pattern occurs after an uptrend, traders may sell their long positions or enter a short position, anticipating a reversal to a downtrend. If the pattern occurs after a downtrend, traders may sell their short positions or enter a long position, anticipating a reversal to an uptrend.
█ Consolidation Strategy
First, traders should identify a period of price consolidation or a trading range where the price has been trading sideways for some time. The key feature of the "spring pattern" is a sudden, sharp move downward/upwards through the lower/upper boundary of this trading range, often accompanied by high volume.
However, instead of continuing to move lower/higher, the price then quickly recovers and moves back into the trading range, often on low volume. This quick recovery is the "spring" part of the pattern and suggests that the market has rejected the lower/higher price and that buying/selling pressure is building.
Traders may use the "spring pattern" as a signal to buy/sell the asset, suggesting strong demand/supply for the stock at the lower/higher price level. However, as with all trading strategies, it is important to use other indicators and to manage risk to minimize potential losses carefully.
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Disclaimer
The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
Ross Hook Pattern (Expo)█ Overview
The Ross Hook pattern is one of the most consistent and successful trading patterns that have been around for years. The Ross Hook is the first correction following the breakout of the 1-2-3 formation . This means that the Ross Hook only occurs in established trends. In other words, Ross Hook is a trend continuation setup. To fully understand the Ross Hook formation, you must understand the 1-2-3 pattern .
Ross Hook Pattern (Expo) is an indicator designed to detect the Ross Hook formation automatically and in real-time in any market and timeframe. With the inbuilt alert feature, the Ross Hook Pattern (Expo) Indicator analyzes the market for you and notifies you when the Ross Hook formations have been found.
█ How to use
Use this indicator to identify the Ross Hook pattern and to find good trend continuation setups. The formation can be used to determine when a trend is confirmed and established.
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Disclaimer
The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
1-2-3 Pattern (Expo)█ Overview
The 1-2-3 pattern is the most basic and important formation in the market. Almost every great market move has started with this formation. That is why you must use this pattern to detect the next big trend. In fact, every trader has used the 1-2-3 formation to detect a trend change without realizing it.
Our 1-2-3 Pattern (Expo) indicator helps traders quickly identify the 1-2-3 Reversal Pattern automatically. By analyzing the price action data, the indicator shows the pattern in real-time. When the pattern is discovered, the 1-2-3 Pattern (Expo) Indicator notifies you via its built-in alert feature! Catching the upcoming big move can't be that much simpler.
█ How to use
The 1-2-3 pattern is used to spot trend reversals. The pattern indicates that a trend is coming to an end and a new one is forming.
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Disclaimer
The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
False Breakout (Expo)█ Overview
False Breakout (Expo) is an indicator that detects false breakouts in real-time. A false breakout occurs when the price moves through a certain level but doesn't continue to accelerate in that direction. This is because the price does not have enough momentum and the buying interest at this level is not high enough to keep pushing the price in that direction. Instead, the market reverses! All breakout traders are now forced to close their positions at a loss. However, contrarian traders that have identified this false breakout do get a perfect entry for a great reversal trade!
False Breakout is one of the most important price action trading patterns to learn because it can help traders understand whether a breakout is valid or false.
█ How to use
Identify False Breakouts
Identify Reversal trades
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Disclaimer
The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
American Approximation: Barone-Adesi and Whaley [Loxx]American Approximation: Barone-Adesi and Whaley is an American Options pricing model. This indicator also includes numerical greeks. You can compare the output of the American Approximation to the Black-Scholes-Merton value on the output of the options panel.
An American option can be exercised at any time up to its expiration date. This added freedom complicates the valuation of American options relative to their European counterparts. With a few exceptions, it is not possible to find an exact formula for the value of American options. Several researchers have, however, come up with excellent closed-form approximations. These approximations have become especially popular because they execute quickly on computers compared to numerical techniques. At the end of the chapter, we look at closed-form solutions for perpetual American options.
The Barone-Adesi and Whaley Approximation
The quadratic approximation method by Barone-Adesi and Whaley (1987) can be used to price American call and put options on an underlying asset with cost-of-carry rate b. When b > r, the American call value is equal to the European call value and can then be found by using the generalized Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) formula. The model is fast and accurate for most practical input values.
American Call
C(S, C, T) = Cbsm(S, X, T) + A2 / (S/S*)^q2 ... when S < S*
C(S, C, T) = S - X ... when S >= S*
where Cbsm(S, X, T) is the general Black-Scholes-Merton call formula, and
A2 = S* / q2 * (1 - e^((b - r) * T)) * N(d1(S*)))
d1(S) = (log(S/X) + (b + v^2/2) * T) / (v * T^0.5)
q2 = (-(N-1) + ((N-1)^2 + 4M/K))^0.5) / 2
M = 2r/v^2
N = 2b/v^2
K = 1 - e^(-r*T)
American Put
P(S, C, T) = Pbsm(S, X, T) + A1 / (S/S**)^q1 ... when S < S**
P(S, C, T) = X - S .... when S >= S**
where Pbsm(S, X, T) is the generalized BSM put option formula, and
A1 = -S** / q1 * (1 - e^((b - r) * T)) * N(-d1(S**)))
q1 = (-(N-1) - ((N-1)^2 + 4M/K))^0.5) / 2
where S* is the critical commodity price for the call option that satisfies
S* - X = c(S*, X, T) + (1 - e^((b - r) * T) * N(d1(S*))) * S* * 1/q2
These equations can be solved by using a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The iterative procedure should continue until the relative absolute error falls within an acceptable tolerance level. See code for details on the Newton-Raphson algorithm.
Inputs
S = Stock price.
K = Strike price of option.
T = Time to expiration in years.
r = Risk-free rate
c = Cost of Carry
V = Variance of the underlying asset price
cnd1(x) = Cumulative Normal Distribution
cbnd3(x) = Cumulative Bivariate Normal Distribution
nd(x) = Standard Normal Density Function
convertingToCCRate(r, cmp) = Rate compounder
Numerical Greeks or Greeks by Finite Difference
Analytical Greeks are the standard approach to estimating Delta, Gamma etc... That is what we typically use when we can derive from closed form solutions. Normally, these are well-defined and available in text books. Previously, we relied on closed form solutions for the call or put formulae differentiated with respect to the Black Scholes parameters. When Greeks formulae are difficult to develop or tease out, we can alternatively employ numerical Greeks - sometimes referred to finite difference approximations. A key advantage of numerical Greeks relates to their estimation independent of deriving mathematical Greeks. This could be important when we examine American options where there may not technically exist an exact closed form solution that is straightforward to work with. (via VinegarHill FinanceLabs)
Things to know
Only works on the daily timeframe and for the current source price.
You can adjust the text size to fit the screen
TradingView Alerts (Expo)█ Overview
The TradingView inbuilt alert feature inspires this alert tool.
TradingView Alerts (Expo) enables traders to set alerts on any indicator on TradingView, both public, protected, and invite-only scripts (if you are granted access). In this way, traders can set the alerts they want for any indicator they have access to. This feature is highly needed since many indicators on TradingView do not have the particular alert the trader looks for, this alert tool solves that problem and lets everyone create the alert they need. Many predefined conditions are included, such as "crossings," "turning up/down," "entering a channel," and much more.
█ TradingView alerts
TradingView alerts are a popular and convenient way of getting an immediate notification when the asset meets your set alert criteria. It helps traders to stay updated on the assets and timeframe they follow.
█ Alert table
Keep track of the average amount of alerts that have been triggered per day, per month, and per week. It helps traders to understand how frequently they can expect an alert to trigger.
█ Predefined alerts types
Crossing
The Crossing alert is triggered when the source input crosses (up or down) from the selected price or value.
Crossing Down / Crossing Up
The Crossing Down alert is triggered when the source input crosses down from the selected price or value.
The Crossing Up alert is triggered when the source input crosses up from the selected price or value.
Greater Than / Less Than
The Greater Than alert is triggered when the source input reaches the selected value or price.
The Less Than alert is triggered when the source input reaches the selected value or price.
Entering Channel / Exiting Channel
The Entering Channel alert is triggered when the source input enters the selected channel value.
The Exiting Channel alert is triggered when the source input exits the selected channel value.
Notice that this alert only works if you have selected "Channels."
Inside Channel / Outside Channel
The Inside Channel alert is triggered when the source input is within the selected Upper and Lower Channel boundaries.
The Outside Channel alert is triggered when the source input is outside the selected Upper and Lower Channel boundaries.
Notice that this alert only works if you have selected "Channels."
Moving Up / Moving Down
This alert is the same as "crossing up/down" within x-bars.
The Moving Up alert is triggered when the source input increases by a certain value within x-bars.
The Moving Down alert is triggered when the source input decreases by a certain value within x-bars.
Notice that you have to set the Number of Bars parameter!
The calculation starts from the last formed candlestick.
Moving Up % / Moving Down %
The Moving Up % alert is triggered when the source input increases by a certain percentage value within x-bars.
The Moving Down % alert is triggered when the source input decreases by a certain percentage value within x-bars.
Notice that you have to set the Number of Bars parameter!
The calculation starts from the last formed candlestick.
Turning Up / Turning Down
The Turning Up alert is triggered when the source input turns up.
The Turning Down alert is triggered when the source input turns down.
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Disclaimer
The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
CFB-Adaptive Velocity Histogram [Loxx]CFB-Adaptive Velocity Histogram is a velocity indicator with One-More-Moving-Average Adaptive Smoothing of input source value and Jurik's Composite-Fractal-Behavior-Adaptive Price-Trend-Period input with Dynamic Zones. All Juirk smoothing allows for both single and double Jurik smoothing passes. Velocity is adjusted to pips but there is no input value for the user. This indicator is tuned for Forex but can be used on any time series data.
What is Composite Fractal Behavior ( CFB )?
All around you mechanisms adjust themselves to their environment. From simple thermostats that react to air temperature to computer chips in modern cars that respond to changes in engine temperature, r.p.m.'s, torque, and throttle position. It was only a matter of time before fast desktop computers applied the mathematics of self-adjustment to systems that trade the financial markets.
Unlike basic systems with fixed formulas, an adaptive system adjusts its own equations. For example, start with a basic channel breakout system that uses the highest closing price of the last N bars as a threshold for detecting breakouts on the up side. An adaptive and improved version of this system would adjust N according to market conditions, such as momentum, price volatility or acceleration.
Since many systems are based directly or indirectly on cycles, another useful measure of market condition is the periodic length of a price chart's dominant cycle, (DC), that cycle with the greatest influence on price action.
The utility of this new DC measure was noted by author Murray Ruggiero in the January '96 issue of Futures Magazine. In it. Mr. Ruggiero used it to adaptive adjust the value of N in a channel breakout system. He then simulated trading 15 years of D-Mark futures in order to compare its performance to a similar system that had a fixed optimal value of N. The adaptive version produced 20% more profit!
This DC index utilized the popular MESA algorithm (a formulation by John Ehlers adapted from Burg's maximum entropy algorithm, MEM). Unfortunately, the DC approach is problematic when the market has no real dominant cycle momentum, because the mathematics will produce a value whether or not one actually exists! Therefore, we developed a proprietary indicator that does not presuppose the presence of market cycles. It's called CFB (Composite Fractal Behavior) and it works well whether or not the market is cyclic.
CFB examines price action for a particular fractal pattern, categorizes them by size, and then outputs a composite fractal size index. This index is smooth, timely and accurate
Essentially, CFB reveals the length of the market's trending action time frame. Long trending activity produces a large CFB index and short choppy action produces a small index value. Investors have found many applications for CFB which involve scaling other existing technical indicators adaptively, on a bar-to-bar basis.
What is Jurik Volty used in the Juirk Filter?
One of the lesser known qualities of Juirk smoothing is that the Jurik smoothing process is adaptive. "Jurik Volty" (a sort of market volatility ) is what makes Jurik smoothing adaptive. The Jurik Volty calculation can be used as both a standalone indicator and to smooth other indicators that you wish to make adaptive.
What is the Jurik Moving Average?
Have you noticed how moving averages add some lag (delay) to your signals? ... especially when price gaps up or down in a big move, and you are waiting for your moving average to catch up? Wait no more! JMA eliminates this problem forever and gives you the best of both worlds: low lag and smooth lines.
Ideally, you would like a filtered signal to be both smooth and lag-free. Lag causes delays in your trades, and increasing lag in your indicators typically result in lower profits. In other words, late comers get what's left on the table after the feast has already begun.
What are Dynamic Zones?
As explained in "Stocks & Commodities V15:7 (306-310): Dynamic Zones by Leo Zamansky, Ph .D., and David Stendahl"
Most indicators use a fixed zone for buy and sell signals. Here’ s a concept based on zones that are responsive to past levels of the indicator.
One approach to active investing employs the use of oscillators to exploit tradable market trends. This investing style follows a very simple form of logic: Enter the market only when an oscillator has moved far above or below traditional trading lev- els. However, these oscillator- driven systems lack the ability to evolve with the market because they use fixed buy and sell zones. Traders typically use one set of buy and sell zones for a bull market and substantially different zones for a bear market. And therein lies the problem.
Once traders begin introducing their market opinions into trading equations, by changing the zones, they negate the system’s mechanical nature. The objective is to have a system automatically define its own buy and sell zones and thereby profitably trade in any market — bull or bear. Dynamic zones offer a solution to the problem of fixed buy and sell zones for any oscillator-driven system.
An indicator’s extreme levels can be quantified using statistical methods. These extreme levels are calculated for a certain period and serve as the buy and sell zones for a trading system. The repetition of this statistical process for every value of the indicator creates values that become the dynamic zones. The zones are calculated in such a way that the probability of the indicator value rising above, or falling below, the dynamic zones is equal to a given probability input set by the trader.
To better understand dynamic zones, let's first describe them mathematically and then explain their use. The dynamic zones definition:
Find V such that:
For dynamic zone buy: P{X <= V}=P1
For dynamic zone sell: P{X >= V}=P2
where P1 and P2 are the probabilities set by the trader, X is the value of the indicator for the selected period and V represents the value of the dynamic zone.
The probability input P1 and P2 can be adjusted by the trader to encompass as much or as little data as the trader would like. The smaller the probability, the fewer data values above and below the dynamic zones. This translates into a wider range between the buy and sell zones. If a 10% probability is used for P1 and P2, only those data values that make up the top 10% and bottom 10% for an indicator are used in the construction of the zones. Of the values, 80% will fall between the two extreme levels. Because dynamic zone levels are penetrated so infrequently, when this happens, traders know that the market has truly moved into overbought or oversold territory.
Calculating the Dynamic Zones
The algorithm for the dynamic zones is a series of steps. First, decide the value of the lookback period t. Next, decide the value of the probability Pbuy for buy zone and value of the probability Psell for the sell zone.
For i=1, to the last lookback period, build the distribution f(x) of the price during the lookback period i. Then find the value Vi1 such that the probability of the price less than or equal to Vi1 during the lookback period i is equal to Pbuy. Find the value Vi2 such that the probability of the price greater or equal to Vi2 during the lookback period i is equal to Psell. The sequence of Vi1 for all periods gives the buy zone. The sequence of Vi2 for all periods gives the sell zone.
In the algorithm description, we have: Build the distribution f(x) of the price during the lookback period i. The distribution here is empirical namely, how many times a given value of x appeared during the lookback period. The problem is to find such x that the probability of a price being greater or equal to x will be equal to a probability selected by the user. Probability is the area under the distribution curve. The task is to find such value of x that the area under the distribution curve to the right of x will be equal to the probability selected by the user. That x is the dynamic zone.
Included:
Bar coloring
3 signal variations w/ alerts
Divergences w/ alerts
Loxx's Expanded Source Types
CFB-Adaptive, Williams %R w/ Dynamic Zones [Loxx]CFB-Adaptive, Williams %R w/ Dynamic Zones is a Jurik-Composite-Fractal-Behavior-Adaptive Williams % Range indicator with Dynamic Zones. These additions to the WPR calculation reduce noise and return a signal that is more viable than WPR alone.
What is Williams %R?
Williams %R , also known as the Williams Percent Range, is a type of momentum indicator that moves between 0 and -100 and measures overbought and oversold levels. The Williams %R may be used to find entry and exit points in the market. The indicator is very similar to the Stochastic oscillator and is used in the same way. It was developed by Larry Williams and it compares a stock’s closing price to the high-low range over a specific period, typically 14 days or periods.
What is Composite Fractal Behavior ( CFB )?
All around you mechanisms adjust themselves to their environment. From simple thermostats that react to air temperature to computer chips in modern cars that respond to changes in engine temperature, r.p.m.'s, torque, and throttle position. It was only a matter of time before fast desktop computers applied the mathematics of self-adjustment to systems that trade the financial markets.
Unlike basic systems with fixed formulas, an adaptive system adjusts its own equations. For example, start with a basic channel breakout system that uses the highest closing price of the last N bars as a threshold for detecting breakouts on the up side. An adaptive and improved version of this system would adjust N according to market conditions, such as momentum, price volatility or acceleration.
Since many systems are based directly or indirectly on cycles, another useful measure of market condition is the periodic length of a price chart's dominant cycle, (DC), that cycle with the greatest influence on price action.
The utility of this new DC measure was noted by author Murray Ruggiero in the January '96 issue of Futures Magazine. In it. Mr. Ruggiero used it to adaptive adjust the value of N in a channel breakout system. He then simulated trading 15 years of D-Mark futures in order to compare its performance to a similar system that had a fixed optimal value of N. The adaptive version produced 20% more profit!
This DC index utilized the popular MESA algorithm (a formulation by John Ehlers adapted from Burg's maximum entropy algorithm, MEM). Unfortunately, the DC approach is problematic when the market has no real dominant cycle momentum, because the mathematics will produce a value whether or not one actually exists! Therefore, we developed a proprietary indicator that does not presuppose the presence of market cycles. It's called CFB (Composite Fractal Behavior) and it works well whether or not the market is cyclic.
CFB examines price action for a particular fractal pattern, categorizes them by size, and then outputs a composite fractal size index. This index is smooth, timely and accurate
Essentially, CFB reveals the length of the market's trending action time frame. Long trending activity produces a large CFB index and short choppy action produces a small index value. Investors have found many applications for CFB which involve scaling other existing technical indicators adaptively, on a bar-to-bar basis.
What is Jurik Volty used in the Juirk Filter?
One of the lesser known qualities of Juirk smoothing is that the Jurik smoothing process is adaptive. "Jurik Volty" (a sort of market volatility ) is what makes Jurik smoothing adaptive. The Jurik Volty calculation can be used as both a standalone indicator and to smooth other indicators that you wish to make adaptive.
What is the Jurik Moving Average?
Have you noticed how moving averages add some lag (delay) to your signals? ... especially when price gaps up or down in a big move, and you are waiting for your moving average to catch up? Wait no more! JMA eliminates this problem forever and gives you the best of both worlds: low lag and smooth lines.
Ideally, you would like a filtered signal to be both smooth and lag-free. Lag causes delays in your trades, and increasing lag in your indicators typically result in lower profits. In other words, late comers get what's left on the table after the feast has already begun.
What are Dynamic Zones?
As explained in "Stocks & Commodities V15:7 (306-310): Dynamic Zones by Leo Zamansky, Ph .D., and David Stendahl"
Most indicators use a fixed zone for buy and sell signals. Here’ s a concept based on zones that are responsive to past levels of the indicator.
One approach to active investing employs the use of oscillators to exploit tradable market trends. This investing style follows a very simple form of logic: Enter the market only when an oscillator has moved far above or below traditional trading lev- els. However, these oscillator- driven systems lack the ability to evolve with the market because they use fixed buy and sell zones. Traders typically use one set of buy and sell zones for a bull market and substantially different zones for a bear market. And therein lies the problem.
Once traders begin introducing their market opinions into trading equations, by changing the zones, they negate the system’s mechanical nature. The objective is to have a system automatically define its own buy and sell zones and thereby profitably trade in any market — bull or bear. Dynamic zones offer a solution to the problem of fixed buy and sell zones for any oscillator-driven system.
An indicator’s extreme levels can be quantified using statistical methods. These extreme levels are calculated for a certain period and serve as the buy and sell zones for a trading system. The repetition of this statistical process for every value of the indicator creates values that become the dynamic zones. The zones are calculated in such a way that the probability of the indicator value rising above, or falling below, the dynamic zones is equal to a given probability input set by the trader.
To better understand dynamic zones, let's first describe them mathematically and then explain their use. The dynamic zones definition:
Find V such that:
For dynamic zone buy: P{X <= V}=P1
For dynamic zone sell: P{X >= V}=P2
where P1 and P2 are the probabilities set by the trader, X is the value of the indicator for the selected period and V represents the value of the dynamic zone.
The probability input P1 and P2 can be adjusted by the trader to encompass as much or as little data as the trader would like. The smaller the probability, the fewer data values above and below the dynamic zones. This translates into a wider range between the buy and sell zones. If a 10% probability is used for P1 and P2, only those data values that make up the top 10% and bottom 10% for an indicator are used in the construction of the zones. Of the values, 80% will fall between the two extreme levels. Because dynamic zone levels are penetrated so infrequently, when this happens, traders know that the market has truly moved into overbought or oversold territory.
Calculating the Dynamic Zones
The algorithm for the dynamic zones is a series of steps. First, decide the value of the lookback period t. Next, decide the value of the probability Pbuy for buy zone and value of the probability Psell for the sell zone.
For i=1, to the last lookback period, build the distribution f(x) of the price during the lookback period i. Then find the value Vi1 such that the probability of the price less than or equal to Vi1 during the lookback period i is equal to Pbuy. Find the value Vi2 such that the probability of the price greater or equal to Vi2 during the lookback period i is equal to Psell. The sequence of Vi1 for all periods gives the buy zone. The sequence of Vi2 for all periods gives the sell zone.
In the algorithm description, we have: Build the distribution f(x) of the price during the lookback period i. The distribution here is empirical namely, how many times a given value of x appeared during the lookback period. The problem is to find such x that the probability of a price being greater or equal to x will be equal to a probability selected by the user. Probability is the area under the distribution curve. The task is to find such value of x that the area under the distribution curve to the right of x will be equal to the probability selected by the user. That x is the dynamic zone.
Included:
Bar coloring
3 signal variations w/ alerts
Divergences w/ alerts
Loxx's Expanded Source Types
Intermediate Williams %R w/ Discontinued Signal Lines [Loxx]Intermediate Williams %R w/ Discontinued Signal Lines is a Williams %R indicator with advanced options:
-Williams %R smoothing, 30+ smoothing algos found here:
-Williams %R signal, 30+ smoothing algos found here:
-DSL lines with smoothing or fixed overbought/oversold boundaries, smoothing algos are EMA and FEMA
-33 Expanded Source Type inputs including Heiken-Ashi and Heiken-Ashi Better, found here:
What is Williams %R?
Williams %R, also known as the Williams Percent Range, is a type of momentum indicator that moves between 0 and -100 and measures overbought and oversold levels. The Williams %R may be used to find entry and exit points in the market. The indicator is very similar to the Stochastic oscillator and is used in the same way. It was developed by Larry Williams and it compares a stock’s closing price to the high-low range over a specific period, typically 14 days or periods.
Included:
-Toggle on/off bar coloring
-Toggle on/off signal line
OrdinaryLeastSquaresLibrary "OrdinaryLeastSquares"
One of the most common ways to estimate the coefficients for a linear regression is to use the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method.
This library implements OLS in pine. This implementation can be used to fit a linear regression of multiple independent variables onto one dependent variable,
as long as the assumptions behind OLS hold.
solve_xtx_inv(x, y) Solve a linear system of equations using the Ordinary Least Squares method.
This function returns both the estimated OLS solution and a matrix that essentially measures the model stability (linear dependence between the columns of 'x').
NOTE: The latter is an intermediate step when estimating the OLS solution but is useful when calculating the covariance matrix and is returned here to save computation time
so that this step doesn't have to be calculated again when things like standard errors should be calculated.
Parameters:
x : The matrix containing the independent variables. Each column is regarded by the algorithm as one independent variable. The row count of 'x' and 'y' must match.
y : The matrix containing the dependent variable. This matrix can only contain one dependent variable and can therefore only contain one column. The row count of 'x' and 'y' must match.
Returns: Returns both the estimated OLS solution and a matrix that essentially measures the model stability (xtx_inv is equal to (X'X)^-1).
solve(x, y) Solve a linear system of equations using the Ordinary Least Squares method.
Parameters:
x : The matrix containing the independent variables. Each column is regarded by the algorithm as one independent variable. The row count of 'x' and 'y' must match.
y : The matrix containing the dependent variable. This matrix can only contain one dependent variable and can therefore only contain one column. The row count of 'x' and 'y' must match.
Returns: Returns the estimated OLS solution.
standard_errors(x, y, beta_hat, xtx_inv) Calculate the standard errors.
Parameters:
x : The matrix containing the independent variables. Each column is regarded by the algorithm as one independent variable. The row count of 'x' and 'y' must match.
y : The matrix containing the dependent variable. This matrix can only contain one dependent variable and can therefore only contain one column. The row count of 'x' and 'y' must match.
beta_hat : The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) solution provided by solve_xtx_inv() or solve().
xtx_inv : This is (X'X)^-1, which means we take the transpose of the X matrix, multiply that the X matrix and then take the inverse of the result.
This essentially measures the linear dependence between the columns of the X matrix.
Returns: The standard errors.
estimate(x, beta_hat) Estimate the next step of a linear model.
Parameters:
x : The matrix containing the independent variables. Each column is regarded by the algorithm as one independent variable. The row count of 'x' and 'y' must match.
beta_hat : The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) solution provided by solve_xtx_inv() or solve().
Returns: Returns the new estimate of Y based on the linear model.
NormalizedOscillatorsLibrary "NormalizedOscillators"
Collection of some common Oscillators. All are zero-mean and normalized to fit in the -1..1 range. Some are modified, so that the internal smoothing function could be configurable (for example, to enable Hann Windowing, that John F. Ehlers uses frequently). Some are modified for other reasons (see comments in the code), but never without a reason. This collection is neither encyclopaedic, nor reference, however I try to find the most correct implementation. Suggestions are welcome.
rsi2(upper, lower) RSI - second step
Parameters:
upper : Upwards momentum
lower : Downwards momentum
Returns: Oscillator value
Modified by Ehlers from Wilder's implementation to have a zero mean (oscillator from -1 to +1)
Originally: 100.0 - (100.0 / (1.0 + upper / lower))
Ignoring the 100 scale factor, we get: upper / (upper + lower)
Multiplying by two and subtracting 1, we get: (2 * upper) / (upper + lower) - 1 = (upper - lower) / (upper + lower)
rms(src, len) Root mean square (RMS)
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
Based on by John F. Ehlers implementation
ift(src) Inverse Fisher Transform
Parameters:
src : Source series
Returns: Normalized series
Based on by John F. Ehlers implementation
The input values have been multiplied by 2 (was "2*src", now "4*src") to force expansion - not compression
The inputs may be further modified, if needed
stoch(src, len) Stochastic
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
Returns: Oscillator series
ssstoch(src, len) Super Smooth Stochastic (part of MESA Stochastic) by John F. Ehlers
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
Returns: Oscillator series
Introduced in the January 2014 issue of Stocks and Commodities
This is not an implementation of MESA Stochastic, as it is based on Highpass filter not present in the function (but you can construct it)
This implementation is scaled by 0.95, so that Super Smoother does not exceed 1/-1
I do not know, if this the right way to fix this issue, but it works for now
netKendall(src, len) Noise Elimination Technology by John F. Ehlers
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
Returns: Oscillator series
Introduced in the December 2020 issue of Stocks and Commodities
Uses simplified Kendall correlation algorithm
Implementation by @QuantTherapy:
rsi(src, len, smooth) RSI
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
vrsi(src, len, smooth) Volume-scaled RSI
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
This is my own version of RSI. It scales price movements by the proportion of RMS of volume
mrsi(src, len, smooth) Momentum RSI
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
Inspired by RocketRSI by John F. Ehlers (Stocks and Commodities, May 2018)
rrsi(src, len, smooth) Rocket RSI
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
Inspired by RocketRSI by John F. Ehlers (Stocks and Commodities, May 2018)
Does not include Fisher Transform of the original implementation, as the output must be normalized
Does not include momentum smoothing length configuration, so always assumes half the lookback length
mfi(src, len, smooth) Money Flow Index
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
lrsi(src, in_gamma, len) Laguerre RSI by John F. Ehlers
Parameters:
src : Source series
in_gamma : Damping factor (default is -1 to generate from len)
len : Lookback period (alternatively, if gamma is not set)
Returns: Oscillator series
The original implementation is with gamma. As it is impossible to collect gamma in my system, where the only user input is length,
an alternative calculation is included, where gamma is set by dividing len by 30. Maybe different calculation would be better?
fe(len) Choppiness Index or Fractal Energy
Parameters:
len : Lookback period
Returns: Oscillator series
The Choppiness Index (CHOP) was created by E. W. Dreiss
This indicator is sometimes called Fractal Energy
er(src, len) Efficiency ratio
Parameters:
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
Returns: Oscillator series
Based on Kaufman Adaptive Moving Average calculation
This is the correct Efficiency ratio calculation, and most other implementations are wrong:
the number of bar differences is 1 less than the length, otherwise we are adding the change outside of the measured range!
For reference, see Stocks and Commodities June 1995
dmi(len, smooth) Directional Movement Index
Parameters:
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
Based on the original Tradingview algorithm
Modified with inspiration from John F. Ehlers DMH (but not implementing the DMH algorithm!)
Only ADX is returned
Rescaled to fit -1 to +1
Unlike most oscillators, there is no src parameter as DMI works directly with high and low values
fdmi(len, smooth) Fast Directional Movement Index
Parameters:
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
Same as DMI, but without secondary smoothing. Can be smoothed later. Instead, +DM and -DM smoothing can be configured
doOsc(type, src, len, smooth) Execute a particular Oscillator from the list
Parameters:
type : Oscillator type to use
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
smooth : Internal smoothing algorithm
Returns: Oscillator series
Chande Momentum Oscillator (CMO) is RSI without smoothing. No idea, why some authors use different calculations
LRSI with Fractal Energy is a combo oscillator that uses Fractal Energy to tune LRSI gamma, as seen here: www.prorealcode.com
doPostfilter(type, src, len) Execute a particular Oscillator Postfilter from the list
Parameters:
type : Oscillator type to use
src : Source series
len : Lookback period
Returns: Oscillator series
Average Down [Zeiierman]AVERAGING DOWN
Averaging down is an investment strategy that involves buying additional contracts of an asset when the price drops. This way, the investor increases the size of their position at discounted prices. The averaging down strategy is highly debated among traders and investors because it can either lead to huge losses or great returns. Nevertheless, averaging down is often used and favored by long-term investors and contrarian traders. With careful/proper risk management, averaging down can cover losses and magnify the returns when the asset rebounds. However, the main concern for a trader is that it can be hard to identify the difference between a pullback or the start of a new trend.
HOW DOES IT WORK
Averaging down is a method to lower the average price at which the investor buys an asset. A lower average price can help investors come back to break even quicker and, if the price continues to rise, get an even bigger upside and thus increase the total profit from the trade. For example, We buy 100 shares at $60 per share, a total investment of $6000, and then the asset drops to $40 per share; in order to come back to break even, the price has to go up 50%. (($60/$40) - 1)*100 = 50%.
The power of Averaging down comes into play if the investor buys additional shares at a lower price, like another 100 shares at $40 per share; the total investment is ($6000+$4000 = $10000). The average price for the investment is now $50. (($60 x 100) + ($40 x 100))/200; in order to get back to break even, the price has to rise 25% ($50/$40)-1)*100 = 25%, and if the price continues up to $60 per share, the investor can secure a profit at 16%. So by averaging down, investors and traders can cover the losses easier and potentially have more profit to secure at the end.
THE AVERAGE DOWN TRADINGVIEW TOOL
This script/indicator/trading tool helps traders and investors to get the average price of their position. The tool works for Long and Short and displays the entry price, average price, and the PnL in points.
HOW TO USE
Use the tool to calculate the average price of your long or short position in any market and timeframe.
Get the current PnL for the investment and keep track of your entry prices.
APPLY TO CHART
When you apply the tool on the chart, you have to select five entry points, and within the setting panel, you can choose how many of these five entry points are active and how many contracts each entry has. Then, the tool will display your average price based on the entries and the number of contracts used at each price level.
LONG
Set your entries and the number of contracts at each price level. The indicator will then display all your long entries and at what price you will break even. The entry line changes color based on if the entry is in profit or loss.
SHORT
Set your entries and the number of contracts at each price level. The indicator will then display all your short entries and at what price you will break even. The entry line changes color based on if the entry is in profit or loss.
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Disclaimer
Copyright by Zeiierman.
The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual’s trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
Example: Monte Carlo SimulationExperimental:
Example execution of Monte Carlo Simulation applied to the markets(this is my interpretation of the algo so inconsistencys may appear).
note:
the algorithm is very demanding so performance is limited.
RAT Moving Average Crossover StrategyThis is based on general moving average crossovers but some modifications made to generate buy sell signals.
Weis pip zigzag jayyWhat you see here is the Weis pip zigzag wave plotted directly on the price chart. This script is the companion to the Weis pip wave ( ) which is plotted in the lower panel of the displayed chart and can be used as an alternate way of plotting the same results. The Weis pip zigzag wave shows how far in terms of price a Weis wave has traveled through the duration of a Weis wave. The Weis pip zigzag wave is used in combination with the Weis cumulative volume wave. The two waves must be set to the same "wave size".
To use this script you must set the wave size. Using the traditional Weis method simply enter the desired wave size in the box "Select Weis Wave Size" In this example, it is set to 5. Each wave for each security and each timeframe requires its own wave size. Although not the traditional method a more automatic way to set wave size would be to use ATR. This is not the true Weis method but it does give you similar waves and, importantly, without the hassle described above. Once the Weis wave size is set then the pip wave will be shown.
I have put a pip zigzag of a 5 point Weis wave on the bar chart - that is a different script. I have added it to allow your eye to see what a Weis wave looks like. You will notice that the wave is not in straight lines connecting wave tops to bottoms this is a function of the limitations of Pinescript version 1. This script would need to be in version 4 to allow straight lines. There are too many calculations within this script to allow conversion to Pinescript version 4 or even Version 3. I am in the process of rewriting this script to reduce the number of calculations and streamline the algorithm.
The numbers plotted on the chart are calculated to be relative numbers. The script is limited to showing only three numbers vertically. Only the highest three values of a number are shown. For example, if the highest recent pip value is 12,345 only the first 3 numerals would be displayed ie 123. But suppose there is a recent value of 691. It would not be helpful to display 691 if the other wave size is shown as 123. To give the appropriate relative value the script will show a value of 7 instead of 691. This informs you of the relative magnitude of the values. This is done automatically within the script. There is likely no need to manually override the automatically calculated value. I will create a video that demonstrates the manual override method.
What is a Weis wave? David Weis has been recognized as a Wyckoff method analyst he has written two books one of which, Trades About to Happen, describes the evolution of the now popular Weis wave. The method employed by Weis is to identify waves of price action and to compare the strength of the waves on characteristics of wave strength. Chief among the characteristics of strength is the cumulative volume of the wave. There are other markers that Weis uses as well for example how the actual price difference between the start of the Weis wave from start to finish. Weis also uses time, particularly when using a Renko chart. Weis specifically uses candle or bar closes to define all wave action ie a line chart.
David Weis did a futures io video which is a popular source of information about his method.
This is the identical script with the identical settings but without the offending links. If you want to see the pip Weis method in practice then search Weis pip wave. If you want to see Weis chart in pdf then message me and I will give a link or the Weis pdf. Why would you want to see the Weis chart for May 27, 2020? Merely to confirm the veracity of my algorithm. You could compare my Weis chart here () from the same period to the David Weis chart from May 27. Both waves are for the ES!1 4 hour chart and both for a wave size of 5.
Price Action and 3 EMAs Momentum plus Sessions FilterThis indicator plots on the chart the parameters and signals of the Price Action and 3 EMAs Momentum plus Sessions Filter Algorithmic Strategy. The strategy trades based on time-series (absolute) and relative momentum of price close, highs, lows and 3 EMAs.
I am still learning PS and therefore I have only been able to write the indicator up to the Signal generation. I plan to expand the indicator to Entry Signals as well as the full Strategy.
The strategy works best on EURUSD in the 15 minutes TF during London and New York sessions with 1 to 1 TP and SL of 30 pips with lots resulting in 3% risk of the account per trade. I have already written the full strategy in another language and platform and back tested it for ten years and it was profitable for 7 of the 10 years with average profit of 15% p.a which can be easily increased by increasing risk per trade. I have been trading it live in that platform for over two years and it is profitable.
Contributions from experienced PS coders in completing the Indicator as well as writing the Strategy and back testing it on Trading View will be appreciated.
STRATEGY AND INDICATOR PARAMETERS
Three periods of 12, 48 and 96 in the 15 min TF which are equivalent to 3, 12 and 24 hours i.e (15 min * period / 60 min) are the foundational inputs for all the parameters of the PA & 3 EMAs Momentum + SF Algo Strategy and its Indicator.
3 EMAs momentum parameters and conditions
• FastEMA = ema of 12 periods
• MedEMA = ema of 48 periods
• SlowEMA = ema of 96 periods
• All the EMAs analyse price close for up to 96 (15 min periods) equivalent to 24 hours
• There’s Upward EMA momentum if price close > FastEMA and FastEMA > MedEMA and MedEMA > SlowEMA
• There’s Downward EMA momentum if price close < FastEMA and FastEMA < MedEMA and MedEMA < SlowEMA
PA momentum parameters and conditions
• HH = Highest High of 48 periods from 1st closed bar before current bar
• LL = Lowest Low of 48 periods from 1st closed bar from current bar
• Previous HH = Highest High of 84 periods from 12th closed bar before current bar
• Previous LL = Lowest Low of 84 periods from 12th closed bar before current bar
• All the HH & LL and prevHH & prevLL are within the 96 periods from the 1st closed bar before current bar and therefore indicative of momentum during the past 24 hours
• There’s Upward PA momentum if price close > HH and HH > prevHH and LL > prevLL
• There’s Downward PA momentum if price close < LL and LL < prevLL and HH < prevHH
Signal conditions and Status (BuySignal, SellSignal or Neutral)
• The strategy generates Buy or Sell Signals if both 3 EMAs and PA momentum conditions are met for each direction and these occur during the London and New York sessions
• BuySignal if price close > FastEMA and FastEMA > MedEMA and MedEMA > SlowEMA and price close > HH and HH > prevHH and LL > prevLL and timeinrange (LDN&NY) else Neutral
• SellSignal if price close < FastEMA and FastEMA < MedEMA and MedEMA < SlowEMA and price close < LL and LL < prevLL and HH < prevHH and timeinrange (LDN&NY) else Neutral
Entry conditions and Status (EnterBuy, EnterSell or Neutral)(NOT CODED YET)
• ENTRY IS NOT AT THE SIGNAL BAR but at the current bar tick price retracement to FastEMA after the signal
• EnterBuy if current bar tick price <= FastEMA and current bar tick price > prevHH at the time of the Buy Signal
• EnterSell if current bar tick price >= FastEMA and current bar tick price > prevLL at the time of the Sell Signal
NAND PerceptronExperimental NAND Perceptron based upon Python template that aims to predict NAND Gate Outputs. A Perceptron is one of the foundational building blocks of nearly all advanced Neural Network layers and models for Algo trading and Machine Learning.
The goal behind this script was threefold:
To prove and demonstrate that an ACTUAL working neural net can be implemented in Pine, even if incomplete.
To pave the way for other traders and coders to iterate on this script and push the boundaries of Tradingview strategies and indicators.
To see if a self-contained neural network component for parameter optimization within Pinescript was hypothetically possible.
NOTE: This is a highly experimental proof of concept - this is NOT a ready-made template to include or integrate into existing strategies and indicators, yet (emphasis YET - neural networks have a lot of potential utility and potential when utilized and implemented properly).
Hardcoded NAND Gate outputs with Bias column (X0):
// NAND Gate + X0 Bias and Y-true
// X0 // X1 // X2 // Y
// 1 // 0 // 0 // 1
// 1 // 0 // 1 // 1
// 1 // 1 // 0 // 1
// 1 // 1 // 1 // 0
Column X0 is bias feature/input
Column X1 and X2 are the NAND Gate
Column Y is the y-true values for the NAND gate
yhat is the prediction at that timestep
F0,F1,F2,F3 are the Dot products of the Weights (W0,W1,W2) and the input features (X0,X1,X2)
Learning rate and activation function threshold are enabled by default as input parameters
Uncomment sections for more training iterations/epochs:
Loop optimizations would be amazing to have for a selectable length for training iterations/epochs but I'm not sure if it's possible in Pine with how this script is structured.
Error metrics and loss have not been implemented due to difficulty with script length and iterations vs epochs - I haven't been able to configure the input parameters to successfully predict the right values for all four y-true values for the NAND gate (only been able to get 3/4; If you're able to get all four predictions to be correct, let me know, please).
// //---- REFERENCE for final output
// A3 := 1, y0 true
// B3 := 1, y1 true
// C3 := 1, y2 true
// D3 := 0, y3 true
PLEASE READ: Source article/template and main code reference:
towardsdatascience.com
towardsdatascience.com
towardsdatascience.com
Baseline-C [ID: AC-P]The "AC-P" version of jiehonglim's NNFX Baseline script is my personal customized version of the NNFX Baseline concept as part of the NNFX Algorithm stack/structure for 1D Trend Trading for Forex. Everget's JMA implementation is used for the baseline smoothing method, with optional ATR bands at 1.0x and 1.5x from the baseline.
NNFX = No Nonsense Forex
Baseline = Component of the NNFX Algorithm that consists of a single moving average
Baseline ---> Meant to be used in conjunction with ATR/C1/C2/Vol Indicator/Exit Indicator as per NNFX Algorithm setup/structure. C1 is 1st Confirmation Indicator, C2 is 2nd Confirmation Indicator.
JMA (Jurik Moving Average) is used for the baseline and slow baseline.
A slow baseline option is included, but disabled by default.
The faint orange/purple lines are 1.0x/1.5x ATR from the Baseline, and are what I use as potential TP/SL targets or to evaluate when to stay out of a trade (chop/missed entry/exit/other/ATR breach), depending on the trade setup (in conjunction with C1/C2/Vol Indicator/Exit Indicator)
This script is heavily based upon jiehonglim's NNFX Baseline script for signaling, barcoloring, and ATR.
SSL Channel option included but disabled by default (Erwinbeckers SSL component)
POC (Point of Control) from Volume Profile is included/enabled by default for both the current timeframe and 12HR timeframe
03.freeman's InfoPanel Divergence Indicator was used a reference to replace the current/previous ATR information infopanel/info draw from jiehonglim's script. I'm not sure whether I like the previous way ATR info was displayed vs how I have it currently, but it's something that is completely optional:
Specifically: I am tuning this baseline/indicator for 1D trading as part of the NNFX system, for Forex.
DO NOT USE THIS INDICATOR WITHOUT PROPER TUNING/ADJUSTMENT for your timeframe and asset class.
Note about lack of alerts:
Alerts for baseline crosses (and other crosses) have been purposefully omitted for this version upon initial publication. While getting alerts for baseline crosses under certain conditions/filtered conditions that eliminate low-importance signals and crossover whipsaw would be great, it's something I'm still looking into.
SPECIFICALLY: There are entry, exit, take profit, and continuation signal components in relation to the Baseline to the rest of the NNFX Algorithm stack (ATR/C1/C2/Vol Indicator/Exit Indicator), including but limited to the "1 candle rule" and the "7 candle rule" as per NNFX.
Implementing alerts that are significant that also factor in these rules while reducing alert spam/false signals would be ideal, but it's also the HTF/Daily chart - visually, entry/exit/continuation signal alignment is easy to spot when trading 1D - alerts may be redundant/a pursuit in diminishing returns (for now).
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// Acknowledgements/Reference:
// jiehonglim, NNFX Baseline Script - Moving Averages
//
// Fractured, Many Moving Averages
//
// everget, Jurik Moving Average/JMA
//
// 03.freeman, InfoPanel Divergence Indicator
//
// Ggqmna Volume stops
//
// Libertus RSI Divs
//
// ChrisMoody, CM_Price-Action-Bars-Price Patterns That Work
//
// Erwinbeckers SSL Channel
//
❄️ Lin Kuei Elite SuperTrend ⚔️Lin Kuei Elite SuperTrend - Technical Analysis Indicator
Overview
The Lin Kuei Elite SuperTrend is an advanced trend-following indicator that enhances the traditional SuperTrend algorithm with multiple layers of analysis and sophisticated visual effects. Built on Pine Script v6, it provides traders with dynamic trend identification, signal generation, and comprehensive market intelligence.
Core Algorithm
The indicator calculates SuperTrend using an enhanced ATR (Average True Range) methodology with adaptive smoothing and rank-based multipliers. The core logic determines trend direction by comparing price action to dynamically adjusted upper and lower bands, creating clear trend reversals and continuation signals.
Key Components:
Enhanced ATR calculation with EMA smoothing
Rank-based sensitivity scaling (0.8x to 1.6x multipliers)
Volume and momentum filtering options
Multi-timeframe shadow clone analysis
Assassin Rank System
The indicator features four distinct operational modes that adjust sensitivity and visual complexity:
Shadow Ninja (Conservative): 80% sensitivity with stable, low-noise signals ideal for risk-averse traders seeking high-confidence entries.
Ice Warrior (Balanced): Standard 100% sensitivity providing optimal balance between responsiveness and stability for most trading scenarios.
Frost Master (Aggressive): 130% sensitivity with enhanced trend detection for experienced traders in volatile markets.
Grandmaster Sub-Zero (Ultimate): 160% sensitivity with maximum responsiveness and exclusive visual effects for professional-level analysis.
Visual Features
Frost Aura Effects: Multi-layered glow effects around the main trend line with dynamic transparency based on trend velocity, creating visual depth and trend strength indication.
Shadow Clone Technique: Displays fast and slow SuperTrend variants using different ATR periods (0.7x and 1.5x) to provide confirmation and early warning signals.
Future Sight Projections: Three predictive projection lines showing potential trend continuation based on current velocity and acceleration calculations.
Quantum Particles: Animated particle effects positioned above and below the main trend line, appearing at regular intervals to enhance visual appeal.
Protection Zones: Shaded areas around the main trend line representing dynamic support/resistance zones calculated at 30% of the adjusted ATR.
Signal Generation
The indicator generates two primary signal types:
Trend Change Signals: Triangle markers appear when the trend direction shifts from bullish to bearish or vice versa, with confirmation based on price position relative to the calculated bands.
Rank-Specific Signals: Higher ranks display additional character-based signals (snowflake, fire, ice cube, lightning) with corresponding size scaling based on the selected assassin rank.
Technical Specifications
Input Parameters:
ATR Period: 10 (adjustable 1-50)
Ice Multiplier: 3.0 (adjustable 0.5-10.0)
Crystallization Period: 2 (adjustable 1-10)
Line Thickness: 4 (adjustable 1-8)
Optional Filters:
Volume confirmation with threshold settings
Momentum filtering based on 5-period price changes
Noise reduction capabilities
Intelligence Dashboard
A compact real-time dashboard displays:
Current assassin rank and associated color coding
Trend direction with visual indicators
Power level classification (LOW/MODERATE/HIGH/EXTREME)
Protection zone status
Signal system status
Battle readiness assessment
Alert System
Comprehensive alert functionality includes:
Basic trend change notifications
Rank-specific ultimate technique alerts
Customizable message content for different signal types
Use Cases
The indicator suits multiple trading styles:
Trend Following: Primary trend identification with clear entry/exit points
Swing Trading: Medium-term trend changes with protection zones for position management
Scalping: Fast rank settings for quick trend reversals (use with caution due to increased noise)
Risk Management: Protection zones help determine stop-loss placement and position sizing
Limitations
This indicator is a trend-following tool and may generate false signals in ranging or choppy markets. The multiple visual effects, while aesthetically appealing, may cause information overload for some users. Higher sensitivity ranks increase signal frequency but also false signal probability. The indicator works best in trending market conditions and should be combined with other forms of analysis for optimal results.
The thematic elements (assassin ranks, frost/fire imagery) are purely cosmetic and do not affect the underlying mathematical calculations, which remain based on established technical analysis principles.
Kalman Ema Crosses - [JTCAPITAL]Kalman EMA Crosses - is a modified way to use Kalman Filters applied on Exponential Moving Averages (EMA Crosses) for Trend-Following.
The Kalman filter is a recursive smoothing algorithm that reduces noise from raw price or indicator data, and in this script it is applied both directly to price and on top of EMA calculations. The goal is to create cleaner, more reliable crossover signals between two EMAs that are less prone to false triggers caused by volatility or market noise.
The indicator works by calculating in the following steps:
Source Selection
The script starts by selecting the price input (default is Close, but can be adjusted). This chosen source is the foundation for all further smoothing and EMA calculations.
Kalman Filtering on Price
Depending on user settings, the selected source is passed through one of two independent Kalman filters. The filter takes into account process noise (representing expected market randomness) and measurement noise (representing uncertainty in the price data). The Kalman filter outputs a smoothed version of price that minimizes noise and preserves underlying trend structure.
EMA Calculation
Two exponential moving averages (EMA 1 and EMA 2) are then computed on the Kalman-smoothed price. The lengths of these EMAs are fully customizable (default 15 and 25).
Kalman Filtering on EMA Values
Instead of directly using raw EMA curves, the script applies a second layer of Kalman filtering to the EMA values themselves. This step significantly reduces whipsaw behavior, creating smoother crossovers that emphasize real momentum shifts rather than temporary volatility spikes.
Trend Detection via EMA Crossovers
-A bullish trend is detected when EMA 1 (fast) crosses above EMA 2 (slow).
-A bearish trend is detected when EMA 1 crosses below EMA 2.
The detected trend state is stored and used to dynamically color the plots.
Visual Representation
Both EMAs are plotted on the chart. Their colors shift to blue during bullish phases and purple during bearish phases. The area between the two EMAs is filled with a shaded region to clearly highlight trending conditions.
Buy and Sell Conditions :
- Buy Condition : When the Kalman-smoothed EMA 1 crosses above the Kalman-smoothed EMA 2, a bullish crossover is confirmed.
- Sell Condition : When EMA 1 crosses below EMA 2, a bearish crossover is confirmed.
Users may enhance the robustness of these signals by adjusting process noise, measurement noise, or EMA lengths. Lower measurement noise values make the filter react faster (but potentially noisier), while higher values make it smoother (but slower).
Features and Parameters :
- Source : Selectable price input (Close, Open, High, Low, etc.).
- EMA 1 Length : Defines the fast EMA period.
- EMA 2 Length : Defines the slow EMA period.
- Process Noise : Controls how much randomness the Kalman filter assumes in price dynamics.
- Measurement Noise : Controls how much uncertainty is assumed in raw input data.
- Kalman Usage : Option to apply Kalman filtering either before EMA calculation (on price) or after (on EMA values).
Specifications :
Kalman Filter
The Kalman filter is an optimal recursive algorithm that estimates the state of a system from noisy measurements. In trading, it is used to smooth prices or indicator values. By balancing process noise (expected volatility) with measurement noise (data uncertainty), it generates a smoothed signal that reacts adaptively to market conditions.
Exponential Moving Average (EMA)
An EMA is a weighted moving average that emphasizes recent data more heavily than older data. This makes it more responsive than a simple moving average (SMA). EMAs are widely used to identify trends and momentum shifts.
EMA Crossovers
The crossing of a fast EMA above a slow EMA suggests bullish momentum, while the opposite suggests bearish momentum. This is a cornerstone technique in trend-following systems.
Dual Kalman Filtering
Applying Kalman both to raw price and to the EMAs themselves reduces whipsaws further. It creates crossover signals that are not only smoothed but also validated across two levels of noise reduction. This significantly enhances signal reliability compared to traditional EMA crossovers.
Process Noise
Represents the filter’s assumption about how much the underlying market can randomly change between steps. Higher values make the filter adapt faster to sudden changes, while lower values make it more stable.
Measurement Noise
Represents uncertainty in price data. A higher measurement noise value means the filter trusts the model more than the observed data, leading to smoother results. A lower value makes the filter more reactive to observed price fluctuations.
Trend Coloring & Fill
The use of dynamic colors and filled regions provides immediate visual recognition of trend states, helping traders act faster and with greater clarity.
Enjoy!
Chimera [theUltimator5]In myth, the chimera is an “impossible” hybrid—lion, goat, and serpent fused into one—striking to look at and formidable in presence. The word has come to mean a beautiful, improbable union of parts that shouldn’t work together, yet do.
Chimera is a dual-mode market context tool that blends a multi-input oscillator with classic ADX/DI trend strength, plus optional multi-timeframe “gap-line” tracking. Use it to visualize regime (trend vs. range), momentum swings around an adaptive midline, and higher timeframe (HTF) reference levels that auto-terminate on touch/cross.
Modes
1) Oscillator view
A smoothed composite of five common inputs—RSI, MACD (oscillator), Bollinger position, Stochastic, and an ATR/DI-weighted bias. Each is normalized to a comparable 0–100 style scale, averaged, and plotted as a candle-style oscillator (short vs. long smoothing, wickless for clarity). A dynamic midline with standard-deviation bands frames neutral → bearish/bullish zones. Colors ramp from neutral to your chosen Oversold/Overbought endpoints; consolidation can override to white.
Here is a description of the (5) signals used to calculate the sentiment oscillator:
RSI (14): Measures recent momentum by comparing average gains vs. losses. High = strength after advances; low = weakness after declines. (Z-score normalized to 0–100.)
MACD oscillator (12/26/9): Uses the difference between MACD and its signal (histogram) to gauge momentum shifts. Positive = bullish tilt; negative = bearish. (Z-score normalized.)
Bollinger Bands position (20, 2): Locates price within the bands (0–100 from lower → upper). Near upper suggests strength/expansion; near lower suggests weakness/contraction. (Then normalized.)
Stochastic (14, 3, 3): Shows where the close sits within the recent high-low range, smoothed via %D. Higher values = closes near highs; lower = near lows. (Scaled 0–100.)
ATR/DI composite (14): Volatility-weighted directional bias: (+DI − −DI) amplified by ATR as a % of price and its relative average. Positive = bullish pressure with volatility; negative = bearish. (Rank/scale normalized.)
All five are normalized and averaged into one composite, then smoothed (short/long) and compared to an adaptive midline with bands.
2) ADX view
Shows ADX, +DI, –DI with user-defined High Threshold. Transparency and color shift with regime. When ADX is strong, a directional “fire/ice” gradient fills the area between ADX and the high threshold, biased toward the dominant DI; when ADX is weak, a soft white fade highlights low-trend conditions.
HTF gap-line tracking (optional; both modes)
Detects “gap-like” reference levels after weak-trend consolidation flips into a sudden DI jump.
Anchors a line at the event bar’s open and auto-terminates upon first touch/cross (tick-size tolerance).
Auto-selects up to three higher timeframes suited to your chart resolution and prints non-overlapping lines with labels like 1H / 4H / 1D. Lower-priority duplicates are suppressed to reduce clutter.
Confirmation / repaint notes
Signals and lines finalize on bar close of the relevant timeframe.
HTF elements update only on the HTF bar close. During a forming bar they may appear transiently.
Line removal finalizes after the bar that produced the touch/cross closes.
Visual cues & effects
Oscillator candles: Open/High = long smoothing; Low/Close = short smoothing (no wicks).
Adaptive bands: Midline ± StdDev Multiplier × stdev of the blended series.
Consolidation tint: Optional white backdrop/candles when the consolidation condition is true (balance + low ADX).
Breakout VFX (optional): With strong DI/ADX and Bollinger breaks, renders a subtle “fire” flare above upper-band thrusts or “ice” shelf below lower-band thrusts.
Inputs (high-level)
Visual Style: Oscillator or ADX.
General (Oscillator): Lookback Period, Short/Long Smoothing, Standard Deviation Multiplier.
Color (Oscillator): Oversold/Overbought colors for gradient endpoints.
Plot (Oscillator): Show Candles, Show Slow MA Line, Show Individual Component (RSI/MACD/BB/Stoch/ATR).
Table (Oscillator): Show Information Table & position (compact dashboard of component values + status).
ADX / Gaps / VFX (both modes): ADX High Threshold, Highlight Backgrounds, Show Gap Labels, Visual Overlay Effects, and color choices for current-TF & HTF lines.
HTF selection: Automatic ladder (3 tiers) based on your chart timeframe.
Alerts (built-in)
Buy Signal – Primary: Oscillator exits oversold.
Sell Signal – Primary: Oscillator exits overbought.
Gap Fill Line Created (Any TF)
Gap Fill Line Terminated (Any TF)
ADX Crossed ABOVE/BELOW Low Threshold
ADX Crossed ABOVE/BELOW High Threshold
Consolidation Started
Alerts evaluate on the close of the relevant timeframe.
How to read it (quick guide)
Pick your lens: Oscillator for blended momentum around an adaptive midline; ADX for trend strength and DI skew.
Watch extremes & mean re-entries (Oscillator): Approaches to the top/bottom band show persistent momentum; returns toward the midline show normalization.
Check regime (ADX): Below Low = low-trend; above High = strong trend, with “fire/ice” bias toward +DI/–DI.
Track gap lines: Fresh labels mark new reference levels; lines auto-remove on first interaction. HTF lines add context but finalize only on HTF close.
The uniqueness from this indicator comes from multiple areas:
1. A unique multi-timeframe algorithm detects gap fill zones and plots them on the chart.
2. Visual effects for both visual modes were hand crafted to provide a visually stunning and intuitive interface.
3. The algorithm to determine sentiment uses a unique blend of weight and sensitivity adjustment to create a plot with elastic upper and lower bounds based off historical volatility and price action.
