ETF 3-Day Reversion StrategyIntroduction: This strategy is a modification of the “3-day Mean Reversion Strategy” from the book "High Probability ETF Trading" by Larry Connors and Cesar Alvarez. In the book, the authors discuss a high-probability ETF mean reversion strategy for a 1-day time-frame with these simple rules:
The price must be above the 200 day SMA and below the 5 day SMA.
The low of today must be lower than the low of yesterday (must be true for 3 consecutive days)
The high of today must be lower than the high of yesterday (must be true for 3 consecutive days)
If the 3 rules above are true, then buy on the close of the current day.
Exit when the closing price crosses above the 5 day SMA.
In practice and in backtesting, I’ve found that the strategy consistently works better when using an EMA for the trend-line instead of an SMA. So, this script uses an EMA for the trend-line. I’ve also made the length of the exit EMA adjustable.
How it works:
The Strategy will buy when the buy conditions above are true. The strategy will sell when the closing price crosses over the Exit Moving Average
Plots:
Green line = Exit Moving Average (Default 5 Day EMA)
Blue line = 5 Day EMA (Used as Entry Criteria)
Disclaimer: Open-source scripts I publish in the community are largely meant to spark ideas that can be used as building blocks for part of a more robust trade management strategy. If you would like to implement a version of any script, I would recommend making significant additions/modifications to the strategy & risk management functions. If you don’t know how to program in Pine, then hire a Pine-coder. We can help!
Mean-reversion
EMA MTF PlusI like trading the 1 minute and 3 minutes time-frames. I'm what is commonly called a "scalper". Long term investments yes, I have some, but for trading, I don't have neither the time,
nor the patience to wait hours or days for my trade to be complete.
This doesn't mean I discount the higher time-frames, no, I actually rely heavily on them. I found that EMAs do a decent job as support/resistance, sometimes to a tick level of precision. And this is important for a 1 minute trader.
As such, I made this script that tracks the higher time-frames EMAs and displays the last value as a line.
I do not need the whole EMA, I'm not interested in crossovers or crossunders, these are anyway late signals for me.
What's with the triangles? These are local tops/bottoms , candles that have a have decent size of the wick. These tops and bottoms are by no means "final", they are merely a rejection at certain levels of price. Due to markets complexities (and human erratic behaviors hehe) these levels could be breached at the very next candle. For a more "final" version (nothing is really final but..) I added Schaff Trend Cycle as filter, so a triangle will pop only when a trend is mature enough ( STC with a value near 0 or near 100).
Colored bars. When the body of the candle is big, it shows strength. Strong bars tend to have follow through, especially when breaking key levels. The script looks at the body of the candle and compares it with ATR (Average True Range), if it's at least 0.8 of ATR it changes the bar color to yellow (bull candles) or fuchsia(bear candles).
Range identifier. This code is copied from Lazy Bear (if there are any issues please let me know), it's very useful in conjunction with colored bars.
I look for breakout candles that go outside of the range as a signal for a trade.
There are many ways in which this script can be useful, like trading mean reversions or momentum trades (breakouts) or simply trend following trades.
I hope you guys find it useful, you can play with default values and change them as you like, these are what I found to be working best for me and my trading universe (mostly crypto).
Special thanks for the original work of:
LazyBear
everget
Jim8080
Keltner Channels BandsKeltner Channel Bands
Great indicator for mean reversion strategies.
Alerts you can set:
Crossover EMA
Crossunder EMA
Crossover upper band
Crossunder upper band
Crossover lower band
Crossunder lower band
Have fun!
[cache_that_pass] 1m 15m Function - Weighted Standard DeviationTradingview Community,
As I progress through my journey, I have come to the realization that it is time to give back. This script isn't a life changer, but it has the building blocks for a motivated individual to optimize the parameters and have a production script ready to go.
Credit for the indicator is due to @rumpypumpydumpy
I adapted this indicator to a strategy for crypto markets. 15 minute time frame has worked best for me.
It is a standard deviation script that has 3 important user configured parameters. These 3 things are what the end user should tweak for optimum returns. They are....
1) Lookback Length - I have had luck with it set to 20, but any value from 1-1000 it will accept.
2) stopPer - Stop Loss percentage of each trade
3) takePer - Take Profit percentage of each trade
2 and 3 above are where you will see significant changes in returns by altering them and trying different percentages. An experienced pinescript programmer can take this and build on it even more. If you do, I ask that you please share the script with the community in an open-source fashion.
It also already accounts for the commission percentage of 0.075% that Binance.US uses for people who pay fees with BNB.
How it works...
It calculates a weighted standard deviation of the price for the lookback period set (so 20 candles is default). It recalculates each time a new candle is printed. It trades when price lows crossunder the bottom of that deviation channel, and sells when price highs crossover the top of that deviation channel. It works best in mid to long term sideways channels / Wyckoff accumulation periods.
Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) mean reversion testThe augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) is a statistical test for the tendency of a price series sample to mean revert .
The current price of a mean-reverting series may tell us something about the next move (as opposed, for example, to a geometric Brownian motion). Thus, the ADF test allows us to spot market inefficiencies and potentially exploit this information in a trading strategy.
Mathematically, the mean reversion property means that the price change in the next time period is proportional to the difference between the average price and the current price. The purpose of the ADF test is to check if this proportionality constant is zero. Accordingly, the ADF test statistic is defined as the estimated proportionality constant divided by the corresponding standard error.
In this script, the ADF test is applied in a rolling window with a user-defined lookback length. The calculated values of the ADF test statistic are plotted as a time series. The more negative the test statistic, the stronger the rejection of the hypothesis that there is no mean reversion. If the calculated test statistic is less than the critical value calculated at a certain confidence level (90%, 95%, or 99%), then the hypothesis of a mean reversion is accepted (strictly speaking, the opposite hypothesis is rejected).
Input parameters:
Source - The source of the time series being tested.
Length - The number of points in the rolling lookback window. The larger sample length makes the ADF test results more reliable.
Maximum lag - The maximum lag included in the test, that defines the order of an autoregressive process being implied in the model. Generally, a non-zero lag allows taking into account the serial correlation of price changes. When dealing with price data, a good starting point is lag 0 or lag 1.
Confidence level - The probability level at which the critical value of the ADF test statistic is calculated. If the test statistic is below the critical value, it is concluded that the sample of the price series is mean-reverting. Confidence level is calculated based on MacKinnon (2010) .
Show Infobox - If True, the results calculated for the last price bar are displayed in a table on the left.
More formal background:
Formally, the ADF test is a test for a unit root in an autoregressive process. The model implemented in this script involves a non-zero constant and zero time trend. The zero lag corresponds to the simple case of the AR(1) process, while higher order autoregressive processes AR(p) can be approached by setting the maximum lag of p. The null hypothesis is that there is a unit root, with the alternative that there is no unit root. The presence of unit roots in an autoregressive time series is characteristic for a non-stationary process. Thus, if there is no unit root, the time series sample can be concluded to be stationary, i.e., manifesting the mean-reverting property.
A few more comments:
It should be noted that the ADF test tells us only about the properties of the price series now and in the past. It does not directly say whether the mean-reverting behavior will retain in the future.
The ADF test results don't directly reveal the direction of the next price move. It only tells wether or not a mean-reverting trading strategy can be potentially applicable at the given moment of time.
The ADF test is related to another statistical test, the Hurst exponent. The latter is available on TradingView as implemented by balipour , QuantNomad and DonovanWall .
The ADF test statistics is a negative number. However, it can take positive values, which usually corresponds to trending markets (even though there is no statistical test for this case).
Rigorously, the hypothesis about the mean reversion is accepted at a given confidence level when the value of the test statistic is below the critical value. However, for practical trading applications, the values which are low enough - but still a bit higher than the critical one - can be still used in making decisions.
Examples:
The VIX volatility index is known to exhibit mean reversion properties (volatility spikes tend to fade out quickly). Accordingly, the statistics of the ADF test tend to stay below the critical value of 90% for long time periods.
The opposite case is presented by BTCUSD. During the same time range, the bitcoin price showed strong momentum - the moves away from the mean did not follow by the counter-move immediately, even vice versa. This is reflected by the ADF test statistic that consistently stayed above the critical value (and even above 0). Thus, using a mean reversion strategy would likely lead to losses.
Hophop Reversion Strategy
█ OVERVIEW
Mean reversion is a financial term assuming that an asset's price will tend to converge to the average price over time.
Due to the trending nature of the crypto markets, mean reversion on a high timeframe could be pretty dangerous. When it comes to running mean reversion strategy on low timeframe, commission and slippage may cost more than strategy gains.
In this strategy, I tried to achieve being conservative in the trending market while avoiding trades if necessary and trading high probability reversion opportunities .
█ CONCEPTS
Strategy is build based on the combination of the momentum and the historical / implied volatility; when the price exceeds the potential volatility range, the strategy places the orders, and the target point is the mean of the expected range high and range low.
The range low and high lines displayed on the chart shows where to short or long, to make sure that the orders are limit orders; orders are placed 0.5% above/below the ranges!
Key information about the strategy
• All the orders are limit entry
• 0.02% commission is included in the backtest
• 30 ticks set for Verify Price Limit for Orders
• 30 ticks set for Slippage
• Initial version does not include the money management and hard stops hence you need to be extra cautious in trending markets
• Restricted to be used for BTC and ETH for 15 min timeframe
█ Ozet
Ortalamaya dönme, bir varlığın fiyatının zaman içinde ortalama fiyata yakınsama eğiliminde olacağını varsayan bir finansal terimdir.
Kripto piyasalarının trend egilimli doğası nedeniyle, yüksek zaman diliminde ortalamaya dönüş oldukça tehlikeli olabilir.
Ortalama geri dönüş stratejisini düşük zaman diliminde calistirmak söz konusu olduğunda, komisyon ve kayma, strateji kazanımlarından daha pahalıya mal olabilir.
Bu stratejide, gerektiğinde alım satımlardan kaçınırken ve yüksek olasılıklı ortalamaya dönüş fırsatlarını degerlendiren, trend olan piyasada ise isleme girerken temkinli olmasi uzerine calistim
█ Aciklama
Strateji, momentum ve tarihsel / zımni oynaklığın birleşimine dayalı olarak inşa edilmistir; fiyat potansiyel oynaklık aralığını aştığında, strateji emirleri verir ve hedef nokta, beklenen yüksek aralığın ve düşük aralığın ortalamasıdır.
Grafikte görüntülenen aralık alt ve üst satırları,
Stratejiye ait onemli bilgiler/b]
• Tüm emirler limit emirdir girişlidir
• Backtest performansinda %0.02 komisyon dahildir
• Limit Emir fiyat dogrulamasi icin 30 tick bekleme kullanilmistir
• Slippage için 30 tick bekleme kullanilmistir
• İlk sürüm para yönetimini ve stoploss içermez, bu nedenle trend olan piyasalarda ekstra dikkatli olmanız gerekir.
• 15 dakikalık zaman dilimi ile BTC ve ETH için kullanımla sınırlıdır
Emirlerin limit emir olduğundan emin olmak için nerede short veya long isleme girilecegini gosteren cizgilerin %0.5 üstünde/altında verilir!
Roc Mean Reversion (ValueRay)This Indicator shows the Absolute Rate of Change in correlation to its Moving Average.
Values over 3 (gray dotted line) can savely be considered as a breakout; values over 4.5 got a high mean-reverting chance (red dotted line).
This Indicator can be used in all timeframes, however, i recommend to use it <30m, when you want search for meaningful Mean-Reverting Signals.
Please like, share and subscribe. With your love, im encouraged to write and publish more Indicators.
Res/Sup With Concavity & Increasing / Decreasing Trend AnalysisPurple means the concavity is down blue means concavity is up which is good.
Yellow means increasing, Red means decreasing.
Sup = Green
Res = Red
Jaws Mean Reversion [Strategy]This very simple strategy is an implementation of PJ Sutherlands' Jaws Mean reversion algorithm. It simply buys when a small moving average period (e.g. 2) is below
a longer moving average period (e.g. 5) by a certain percentage and closes when the small period average crosses over the longer moving average.
If you are going to use this, you may wish to apply this to a range of investment assets using a screener for setups, as the amount signals are low. Alternatively, you may wish to tweak the settings to provide more signals.
Context can be found here:
LINK
Hurst ExponentMy first try to implement Full Hurst Exponent.
The Hurst exponent is used as a measure of long-term memory of time series. It relates to the autocorrelations of the time series and the rate at which these decrease as the lag between pairs of values increases
The Hurst exponent is referred to as the "index of dependence" or "index of long-range dependence". It quantifies the relative tendency of a time series either to regress strongly to the mean or to cluster in a direction.
In short, depending on the value you can spot the trending / reversing market.
Values 0.5 to 1 - market trending
Values 0 to 0.5 - market tend to mean revert
Hurst Exponent is computed using Rescaled range (R/S) analysis.
I split the lookback period (N) in the number of shorter samples (for ex. N/2, N/4, N/8, etc.). Then I calculate rescaled range for each sample size.
The Hurst exponent is estimated by fitting the power law. Basically finding the slope of log(samples_size) to log(RS).
You can choose lookback and sample sizes yourself. Max 8 possible at the moment, if you want to use less use 0 in inputs.
It's pretty computational intensive, so I added an input so you can limit from what date you want it to be calculated. If you hit the time limit in PineScript - limit the history you're using for calculations.
####################
Disclaimer
Please remember that past performance may not be indicative of future results.
Due to various factors, including changing market conditions, the strategy may no longer perform as good as in historical backtesting.
This post and the script don’t provide any financial advice.
Simple Hurst Exponent [QuantNomad]This is a simplified version of the Hurst Exponent indicator.
In the meantime, I'm working on the full version. It's computationally intensive, so it's a challenge to squeeze it to PineScript limits. It will require some time to optimize it, so I decided to publish a simplified version for now.
The Hurst exponent is used as a measure of long-term memory of time series. It relates to the autocorrelations of the time series, and the rate at which these decrease as the lag between pairs of values increases
The Hurst exponent is referred to as the "index of dependence" or "index of long-range dependence". It quantifies the relative tendency of a time series either to regress strongly to the mean or to cluster in a direction.
In short depend on value you can spot trending / reversing market.
Values 0.5 to 1 - market trending
Values 0 to 0.5 - market tend to mean revert
####################
Disclaimer
Please remember that past performance may not be indicative of future results.
Due to various factors, including changing market conditions, the strategy may no longer perform as good as in historical backtesting.
This post and the script don’t provide any financial advice.
B3 HL2MA Painter ~ Extremely Smooth Average & Bar PaintMy HL2MA is a 'proprietary' formula based on the idea that I never again want to see a jagged average line. I released a version of this a long time ago, but I wanted to update it to how I have it on my charts in other platforms. Here are some notes about this moving average script:
The default input value is 5, and I suggest the range of use 4-6 with the rare occasion of using 3 or 7.
For me 5 is what I use UNLESS I AM IN A TRADE, then I might switch to 4 if I have some profits to lock, or 6 if I want to stay in for a lengthier trade.
This average when kept within the above parameters is the smoothest MA in my arsenal, HL2 refers to the middle of the candles which further de-noises the line.
The colors are green/red for good movement with the confirmed trend.
The colors are gray for movement against the current trend (signaling a possible mean reversion)
The colors blue & yellow appear when signaling possible chop or trend exhaustion.
Carried forward from the last time I posted this, the bias for longs and shorts is depicted as the color of the average line green or maroon, and ALERTS are based on that overall bias created the line by itself.
Also carried from the last post, the green and maroon clouds depict the price deviance from the line; when the cloud stretches wide it may be time to take profits and enter back in closer to the line.
Thanks again for liking and following!!!!
This share is in response to my 10,000th like on TradingView!
Favorite this one, and enjoy :-)
Mean ExtremeA simple script that shows the distance from a the mean, expressed as a percentage.
Simple Moving Average, in this case.
Informational only.
Mean recursion envelopeFree for public consumption
There is very little original here, the idea is discussed in the underground traders alliance, (google em), and was apparently the basis of what was at one time myfxbooks most profitable strategy.
I can't find the original video that was floating around on youtube, but if i find it again, i'll link it here.
This is bascially just the TV default envelope code copied and modified.
The idea is to have an envelope based on a low length, exponential basis. Then to manually "tune" the percent input so that the envelopes engulf most bars. Whenever price goes outside the envelopes (especially at key levels), look for a change to enter a reversion back to the ema.
This manual tuning when switching between time-frames and symbols of the percentage input, becomes arduous.
Instead this script uses the TV envelope code, but gets a setting based on the average of true range and "autotunes" with this.
Anything that protrudes beyond that level, especially at key levels, is likely to revert back to the ema. Bear in mind, a run away trend will also push past the envelopes and continue running for several (3-5) bars so, use it mindfully and thoughtfully with all the usual cautions about risk management.
Range StrengthRange Strength is a super simple indicator designed for the mean reversion (range trading) strategy, it shows you how strong the market is ranging or trending. When the indicator is positive (green color) the market is a range mode, when the indicator is negative (red color) it is in a trending mode.
It's best used together with our Buy Sell Bands indicator to identify entry and exit signals within the range, ideally only taking trades when the Range Strength indicator is showing positive (green) readings.
How Is It Different From Other Indicators?
- Designed specifically for the mean reversion (range trading) strategy
- Shows one simple reading and graphical representation of range strength
- Identify the best times to take mean reversion trades versus trend trades
- Works well in conjunction with the Buy Sell Bands indicator to validate entry & exit signals
- Can be applied to all markets and timeframes
How To Use The Indicator?
1) Visit our website URL shown below this description and signup
2) We will then grant your TradingView username permission to use our indicators
3) Go to your Indicators window, then the Invite-Only section and add our indicators to your chart
4) Our indicators will then show on every chart you now look at
5) You can set up alerts to be notified in real time of trading signals from our indicators
6) Read our user manual for all the best tips on how to use our indicators as part of a range trading strategy
7) Feel free to reach out to us for personal one-on-one help with getting setup
What Markets and Conditions Does It Work Best On?
All markets cycle between trending and ranging modes, and the key to successfully using our indicators is identifying when the market is in or about to go into a range trading mode, and as such it can be applied to all markets and timeframes.
Some markets and timeframes trade within ranges more predictably than others, for example Forex, Cryptocurrencies, and Futures on the 15 minute timeframe during the US night session can work well due to the lack of price sensitive news creating lasting trends. With Stocks & ETFs on the 5 minute timeframe during the midday session on large cap blue chip stocks with no recent news releases can show strong range trading environments to use our indicators in.
In addition to single markets, you can also use our indicators on pair charts, for example Coca Cola(KO) versus Pepsi(PEP), you can do this by entering KO/PEP inside your TradingView chart quote box and it will bring up a pair chart. Our indicators will show buy and sell signals right on the pair chart just like any other single instrument chart. You can get very creative with what type of pairs you can come up with.
Our indicators are primarily designed for day trading and swing trading, however they can also be used for position trading and investing by identifying technically oversold and overbought range levels that are based on current and past volatility around a dynamic average price, for this we recommend using a weekly chart to identify longer trading opportunities.
As always indicators should be used as part of a trading strategy to assist in making decisions, you can't just blindly follow every signal they produce, you should always seek to compliment technical trading signals with additional analysis to reduce your risk and increase your odds of making a winning trade.
Examples Of Use On Various Markets and Timeframes
GBP vs CHF Forex Pair 15 Minute Chart
Tesla Stock 1 Minute Chart
Bitcoin vs USD Crypto Pair 15 Minute Chart
Micro E-Mini SP500 Futures 1 Minute Chart
Mastercard vs Visa Stock Daily Pair Chart
To gain access to the Range Strength and Buy Sell Bands Indicators visit our website shown below.
Happy Range Trading :)
Buy Sell BandsBuy Sell Bands is a super simple indicator based on the mean reversion (range trading) strategy that shows you exactly where to buy, sell and close trades on every chart, market and timeframe.
It's best used together with our Range Strength indicator to identify when the market is in a range mode, this is the best time to take the entry signals from the Buy Sell Bands.
How Is It Different From Other Indicators?
- Designed specifically for the mean reversion (range trading) strategy
- Upper and lower bands are based on current and past volatility
- Aren't as sensitive to "squeezes" after periods of contracted volatility
- Works well in conjunction with the Range Strength Indicator to confirm entry signals
- Helps identify good "pair trading" opportunities
- Can be applied to all markets and timeframes
How To Use The Indicator?
1) Visit our website URL shown below this description and signup
2) We will then grant your TradingView username permission to use our indicators
3) Go to your Indicators window, then the Invite-Only section and add our indicators to your chart
4) Our indicators will then show on every chart you now look at
5) You can set up alerts to be notified in real time of trading signals from our indicators
6) Read our user manual for all the best tips on how to use our indicators as part of a range trading strategy
7) Feel free to reach out to us for personal one-on-one help with getting setup
What Markets and Conditions Does It Work Best On?
All markets cycle between trending and ranging modes, and the key to successfully using these indicators is identifying when the market is in or about to go into a range trading mode, and as such it can be applied to all markets and timeframes.
Some markets and timeframes trade within ranges more predictably than others, for example Forex, Cryptocurrencies, and Futures on the 15 minute timeframe during the US night session can work well due to the lack of price sensitive news creating lasting trends. With Stocks & ETFs on the 5 minute timeframe during the midday session on large cap blue chip stocks with no recent news releases can show strong range trading environments to use our indicators in.
In addition to single markets, you can also use our indicators on pair charts, for example Coca Cola(KO) versus Pepsi(PEP), you can do this by entering KO/PEP inside your TradingView chart quote box and it will bring up a pair chart. Our indicators will show buy and sell signals right on the pair chart just like any other single instrument chart. You can get very creative with what type of pairs you can come up with.
Our indicators are primarily designed for day trading and swing trading, however they can also be used for position trading and investing by identifying technically oversold and overbought range levels that are based on current and past volatility around a dynamic average price, for this we recommend using a weekly chart to identify longer trading opportunities.
As always indicators should be used as part of a trading strategy to assist in making decisions, instead of just blindly following every signal they produce you should always seek to compliment technical trading signals with additional analysis to reduce your risk and increase your odds of making a winning trade.
Examples Of Use On Various Markets and Timeframes
GBP vs CHF Forex Pair 15 Minute Chart
Tesla Stock 1 Minute Chart
Bitcoin vs USD Crypto Pair 15 Minute Chart
Micro E-Mini SP500 Futures 1 Minute Chart
Mastercard vs Visa Stock Daily Pair Chart
To gain access to the Buy Sell Bands and Range Strength Indicators visit our website shown below.
Happy Range Trading :)
Mean Reversion w/ Bollinger BandsThis is a more advanced version of my original mean reversion script.
It employs the famous Bollinger Bands.
This robot will buy when price falls below the lower Bollinger Band, and sell when price moves above the upper Bollinger Band.
I've only tested it on the S&P 500, though you could try it out on other assets to see the backtest performance.
During the recent COVID-19 bear market drop, it produced several buy signals on the S&P which I followed, and made some nice gains so far.
I still think this would make a better investing strategy (buy undervalued / sell over-valued), rather than a trading strategy.
I use this robot for my long term portfolio.
Bars above/below EMACount of previous bars above or below a chosen Exponential Moving Average. Typically price reconnects with well defined EMAs regularly. If the price has been above/below an EMA for too long, you can expect a reconnect in a short order and bet on mean reversion strategies.
YJ Mean ReversionMean reversion strategy, based upon the price deviation (%) from a chosen moving average (bars). Do note that the "gains" are always relative to your starting capital, so if you set a smaller starting capital (e.g. $10000) your gains will look bigger. Also when the strategy tester has finished calculating, check the "Open P/L", as there could still be open trades.
Some Tips:
- Was designed firstly to work on an index like the S&P 500 , which over time tends to go up in value.
- Avoid trading too frequently (e.g. Daily, Weekly), to avoid getting eaten by fees.
- If you change the underlying asset, or time frame, tweaking the moving average may be necessary.
- Can work with a starting capital of just $1000, optimise the settings as necessary.
- Accepts floating point values for the amount of units to purchase (e.g. Bitcoin ).
- If price of units exceeds available capital, script will cancel the buy.
- Adjusted the input parameters to be more intuitive.
Mean Street V1script for mean reversion conditions - tweak-able based on the volatility of the asset its used on, and the time frame
Mean Reversion IndicatorThis is a mean reversion indicator that anticipates a local trend reversion. Basically, it is a channel with the mid-line serving as a moving mean baseline. Each of the two curves run up and down within this channel bouncing off from the top and bottom bounds. Touching the bounds serves as an indication of a local trend reversal. The reversal signal is stronger when there exists a resonance (symmetry) in the two curves. The background histogram shows a Karobein oscillator that contributes support or resistance for the signal.
Mean Reversion and Momentum - Updated with gaussiana smoothingMean Reversion and Momentum
Interpretation:
- Divergence means trend reversal
- Parallel movement means trend continuation
Squares above serve as a confirming signal
